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Can you help us improve? Resolved my issue. Clear instructions. Easy to follow. No jargon. Pictures helped. Didn't match my screen. Incorrect instructions. Too technical. It is therefore best to do a series of model runs with OTIS so that the simulation is in the ballpark with respect to the observed data.
The main channel cross-sectional area, for example, may be adjusted so that the timing of the simulated tracer curve corresponds to that of the observed data the main channel cross-sectional area determines the advective velocity and thus the timing of the simulation. The cross-sectional area of most streams and rivers varies spatially due to channel heterogeneities for example, see Figure 3 of Bencala and Walters, Measurements of cross-sectional area obtained from surveys or stream gaging activities are therefore unlikely to provide accurate estimates of the average cross-sectional area for an entire stream reach.
Accurate estimates of cross-sectional area may be obtained thorough the parameter estimation process, in which the governing transport equation is fit to observed tracer data i. Measured values obtained from surveys or stream gaging provide initial estimates of main channel cross-sectional area; these estimates are then revised during the parameter estimation process. Data from instantaneous slug injections can be used with OTIS to estimate physical transport parameters, provided enough data exists to define the upstream boundary condition.
There are two ways to define the upstream boundary condition:. Use of 2 above is generally the preferred approach. The slug addition technique described in 1 above should always be used, however, so that an upstream boundary condition can be constructed in the event of sampling or laboratory problems associated with 2. Note that there are theoretical reasons for using a continuous, constant rate injection rather than a slug injection.
See: Wagner, B. Despite these theoretical considerations, there are times when the slug injection method provides the best opportunity to collect a high quality data set e. Even if you use the web-based forms, you may need to use a text editor to make small changes and fix mistakes. The following tips should be considered when using a text editor:. A downstream boundary condition is needed to solve the equation that governs transport within the main channel.
As shown in Section 2. Because concentrations within the study reach are likely to vary spatially, specification of DSBOUND equal to zero may result in erroneous simulation results if the downstream boundary is placed too close to the locations of interest.
Model users therefore need to extend the modeled system beyond the most downstream location of interest e. There are two ways to extend the modeled system: 1 make the last reach of the modeled system extend beyond the last print location, as shown in Application 1 of the OTIS documentation in Application 1, the modeled system is m long and the last print location is at meters ; or 2 include an extra dummy reach.
Note that the length of the extended system is application dependent — applications with higher dispersion coefficients will generally need longer extensions. A general rule of thumb for applications to streams and small rivers is to add segments to the modeled system, where each segment is 1 m long. The accuracy of the model with respect to the downstream boundary condition may be determined by conducting a series of simulations, as shown in Section 4.
As described in Section 3. Always check the file echo.
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